SS-31
SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeting research peptide studied for its relationship with cardiolipin, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and cellular energy pathways. Supplied by PeptidesX with batch-specific Certificate of Analysis documentation for laboratory research use only.
About SS-31
SS-31, also referred to as Elamipretide, is a tetrapeptide that targets mitochondria and is used in research into mitochondria functioning and bioenergetics. In contrast to many standard peptides, the SS-31 tetrapeptide is engineered specifically to accumulate in the inner mitochondrial membrane, in which researchers explore its effect on cardiolipin, a phospholipid that is important for mitochondrial structure and energy production.
SS-31 is employed in experimental studies in laboratory settings and pre-clinical testing to explore issues such as mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP production, cardiolipin, ROS, metabolism, muscle functioning, neurons, and ageing of mitochondria. Studies have been conducted into possible effects of SS-31 on mitochondrial efficiency and cell response to stress. Still, the information about the peptide is rather limited and has been accumulated only through laboratory and animal experiments.
Unlike medicinal products, the SS-31 offered by PeptidesX is only meant for scientific purposes, including testing and studies. They are not allowed to be used on people and animals. Each batch is provided with a Certificate of Analysis that includes information about its identity, purity, and analytical data from the particular batch. Scientists need to check the Certificate of Analysis prior to any experiments.
SS-31 provided by PeptidesX is for research use only and should not be administered to humans and animals.
Research Areas>
- Studies on mitochondrial bioenergetics
- Studies on cardiolipin biology
- Studying ATP synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation
- Studies on ROS signaling
- Studying cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis
- Studying skeletal muscle and cardiac physiology
- Researching neurodegeneration and neuron functions
- Studies on healthy ageing and mitochondrial functions
SS-31 as a Mitochondrial Research Material
The mitochondria-targeting characteristics of SS-31 make it particularly relevant to experimental models examining mitochondrial membrane biology and cellular responses to metabolic stress. Researchers may investigate how interactions with cardiolipin relate to membrane organisation, bioenergetic processes and mitochondrial signalling under controlled laboratory conditions.
SS-31 supplied by PeptidesX is designated strictly for research use only (RUO). Batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) documentation provides analytical information concerning material identity and purity. Researchers can also consult PeptidesX resources covering HPLC and LC-MS testing, third-party analysis and COA interpretation when evaluating research materials and maintaining traceability across experimental studies. Not for human or veterinary use.
Scientific References
- Mitchell W, Ng EA, Tamucci JD, et al. (2020). The mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 binds lipid bilayers and modulates surface electrostatics as a key component of its mechanism of action. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295(21), 7452–7469. This is particularly useful for explaining SS-31's interaction with mitochondrial membranes and cardiolipin.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ↗
- Szeto HH. (2014). First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics. British Journal of Pharmacology, 171(8), 2029–2050. Especially appropriate for a UK page because it was published in the British Journal of Pharmacology. It discusses SS-31, cardiolipin, mitochondrial cristae and oxidative phosphorylation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ↗
- Chavez JD, Tang X, Campbell MD, et al. (2020). Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(26), 15363–15373. This study used cross-linking and mass spectrometry to investigate mitochondrial proteins interacting with SS-31pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ↗
- Thomas DA, Stauffer C, Zhao K, et al. (2007). Mitochondrial targeting with antioxidant peptide SS-31 prevents mitochondrial depolarization, reduces islet cell apoptosis, increases islet cell yield, and improves posttransplantation function. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 18(1), 213–222. Useful preclinical evidence concerning mitochondrial function and oxidative damage.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ↗
- Ding XW, Robinson M, Li R, et al. (2021). Mitochondrial dysfunction and beneficial effects of mitochondria-targeted small peptide SS-31 in Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacological Research, 171, 105783. A useful review of SS-31 research relating to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ↗
- Amara CE, Shankland EG, Jubrias SA, et al. (2021). In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial. This provides human research on elamipretide/SS-31 and mitochondrial energetic capacity.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ↗
⚠ Research Use Only.
All products supplied by PeptidesX are intended strictly for in-vitro laboratory and scientific research. Not for human consumption, medical use, veterinary use, or therapeutic application. Researchers are responsible for compliance with all applicable regulations in their jurisdiction.
Identity & Purity
HPLC / MS-UPLC| Test | Specification | Result |
| Appearance | White lyophilised powder | ✓ Conforms |
| HPLC Purity | ≥ 99% | 99.% ✓ |
| MS Molecular Weight | Expected ± 0.5 Da | Confirmed ✓ |
| Amino Acid Analysis | Theoretical sequence | Confirmed ✓ |
| Water Content (KF) | ≤ 8.0% | 5.4% ✓ |
| Net Peptide Content | ≥ 85.0% | 90.8% ✓ |
Safety Testing
Endotoxin / Metals| Test | Specification | Result |
| Endotoxin (LAL) | ≤ 5 EU/mg | 0.9 EU/mg ✓ |
| Bioburden | ≤ 100 CFU/g | <10 CFU/g ✓ |
| Lead (Pb) | ≤ 10 ppm | <0.1 ppm ✓ |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤ 5 ppm | <0.1 ppm ✓ |
| Mercury (Hg) | ≤ 3 ppm | <0.1 ppm ✓ |
| Cadmium (Cd) | ≤ 5 ppm | <0.1 ppm ✓ |
Solubility: Water / Acetic acid. Mix gently by rolling — do not vortex.
Returns: Sealed, unopened vials may be returned within 14 days of receipt. Opened vials cannot be returned.
SS-31, referred to also as Elamipretide, is a synthetically produced mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide used for lab research on mitochondrial biology, energy metabolism, and cardiolipin.
The reason why researchers investigate SS-31 is that it is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that binds specifically with cardiolipin in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, providing an opportunity to explore mitochondrial bioenergetics, ATP generation, oxidative phosphorylation, and energy metabolism.
Yes. SS-31 is available at PeptidesX for scientific purposes in laboratories in the UK. The peptide is only supplied for scientific studies and not for any other human or veterinary application.
Order SS-31 online from PeptidesX's official website and purchase via the online shopping cart.
Each batch is independently analyzed and supplied with relevant documents for each specific batch. Scientists should examine the certificate of analysis provided for the product.
Research is conducted with SS-31 in order to learn more about mitochondria functions, cardiolipins interactions, ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species.
Typical areas of interest for study include mitochondrial biology, metabolism, muscle function, neurobiology, oxidative stress, stabilization of cardiolipin, energy and aging research in the laboratory and pre-clinical models.
SS-31 is provided as a lyophilized research peptide for scientific research. Specifications, purity and other details can be found on the respective product page.
The product should be stored according to the guidelines specified on the product packaging and Certificate of Analysis. It should be stored in recommended laboratory conditions protected from heat, humidity, light, and frequent temperature changes.
Yes. Preclinical studies were performed with SS-31 to examine interactions with mitochondrial membranes and cardiolipin in order to better understand mitochondrial bioenergetics, ATP synthesis, and oxidative stress mechanisms. This information is based on laboratory and animal studies and should not be considered as an evidence of safety or efficacy in humans
Yes. The study of SS-31 includes the area of mitochondrial biology, metabolism, aging, skeletal muscle physiology, cardiovascular research, and neurobiology.
No. The SS-31 from PeptidesX is an investigational research peptide intended only for laboratory research. It is not a medicine, food supplement, or remedy for any disease.
No. PeptidesX offers SS-31 only for scientific research in laboratories. Results gained through laboratory and animal studies cannot prove the product's safety and effectiveness, and it should never be used for personal or veterinary purposes.
There are delivery options in the UK provided at checkout. Methods of shipping, delivery time, and the cost of delivery can be seen on the website prior to completing an order.
SS-31 is designed for use by universities, research laboratories, biotechnology companies, scientific organizations, and researchers carrying out legal scientific research.